April 2, 2026 · The American journal of psychiatry · DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20250873

Precision Neuromodulation in Psychiatry: Focus on Temporal Interference Stimulation

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The authors investigate the potential of transcranial electrical stimulation with temporal interference (TES-TI) as a noninvasive method for modulating deep brain circuits relevant to psychiatric disorders. They review the biophysical principles, safety, and feasibility of TES-TI, while highlighting the need for further research to optimize parameters and assess the clinical relevance of its effects. Ultimately, the study positions TES-TI as a promising yet exploratory approach in the field of psychiatry.

Larissa Albantakis, Giulio Tononi

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