Uncovering immune dysfunction in ACLF: cellular mechanisms, molecular pathways, and therapeutic frontiers
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This review investigates the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for immune dysfunction in acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), aiming to clarify how these alterations contribute to excessive inflammation and increased susceptibility to infections and multi-organ failure. The authors discuss various immune alterations, including innate and adaptive immune dysfunction, and explore the underlying molecular pathways that drive these changes, ultimately highlighting potential biomarkers and therapeutic strategies to restore immune balance in ACLF patients.
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