Systemic therapy for HCC: Doublets, triplets and beyond

The authors aim to review the current landscape of systemic therapies for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and explore emerging treatment strategies and biomarker approaches. They highlight the shift towards immune checkpoint inhibitor-based combinations as the standard first-line treatment, while noting the challenges posed by biological heterogeneity and the absence of robust predictive biomarkers in improving patient outcomes. The review also discusses ongoing clinical investigations into novel therapeutic options such as bispecific antibodies and cellular therapies.