September 19, 2026 · The American journal of medicine · DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2026.08.023

Why Exercise Does Not Work Equally Well for Everyone: Life-Course Conditions and the Limits of Precision Medicine

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The authors investigate why exercise yields varying benefits across individuals, despite advancements in precision medicine and molecular profiling aimed at personalizing exercise prescriptions. They argue that the effectiveness of exercise is influenced not only by biological responses but also by life-course conditions, or "biography," which encompass social factors and psychosocial stress. This perspective highlights that the benefits of exercise are unevenly distributed, challenging the notion that molecular measurements alone can address these disparities.

Ralph I Horwitz, Allison Hayes Conroy, Mark R Cullen, Adu Matory, Ida Sim

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