The enigma of associations between reproductive health and development of osteoarthritis in midlife: a life-course approach

This narrative review investigates the complex associations between reproductive health factors and the development of osteoarthritis (OA) in midlife, particularly in relation to menopause and estrogen levels. The authors analyze 15 studies over 26 years, highlighting the variability in findings regarding factors such as parity, contraceptive use, and breastfeeding, while emphasizing the need for further research on the role of progesterone in OA etiology. The review underscores the importance of considering confounding variables in future studies to better understand these relationships.