September 18, 2026 · Prehospital emergency care · DOI: 10.1080/10903127.2026.2733966

A Causal Model for Prehospital Blood Transfusion and Mortality in Traumatic Hemorrhagic Shock

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The authors aim to develop a causal model that links prehospital blood transfusion (PBT) to mortality outcomes in patients with traumatic hemorrhagic shock (THS), addressing the need for strong scientific evidence in this area. The model identifies various pathways, including mediators and confounders, that may influence patient survival and is designed to guide future research and implementation strategies for PBT in emergency medical services.

Joshua B Gaither, Milton Lerman, Chengcheng Hu, Amber D Rice, Dan W Spaite, Yigit Baykara, Rachel Munn, Jan O Jansen, Manish Shah, Jason McMullan, Sam Keim, Collin Stewart, Louis Magnotti, Alma Brenda Granillo, Gail Bradley, Bruce Barnhart, Henry Wang

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