September 8, 2026 · Journal of cardiac failure · DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2026.03.034

Heart Transplantation in 2076: Evolution, Transformation, or Obsolescence?

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The authors explore the future of heart transplantation by 2076, questioning whether it will evolve, transform, or become obsolete due to advancements in immune tolerance, xenotransplantation, and bioengineered organs. They suggest that while donor-dependent transplantation may still exist, it will be part of a broader array of heart-replacement strategies tailored to individual needs and contexts. Ultimately, the focus will shift from early survival rates to long-term functional independence and equitable access to diverse therapeutic options.

Mandeep R Mehra, Milica Vukićević, Felix Schoenrath

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