April 7, 2026 · The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences · DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20250267

Cognitive Trajectories After Hospitalization for COVID-19: A 36-Month Longitudinal Study

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The authors aimed to investigate long-term cognitive changes in individuals hospitalized with COVID-19 and to characterize distinct cognitive trajectories over a 36-month period. They identified four cognitive trajectories: stable normal function, transition from unimpaired to impaired, improvement from impaired to unimpaired, and persistent impairment, with poorer outcomes linked to Hispanic ethnicity. The findings suggest that some patients may experience delayed cognitive decline, potentially due to mechanisms like chronic cerebral inflammation associated with postacute sequelae of COVID-19.

Maria Paula Maziero, Eunyoung A Lee, Gabriela D Colpo, Lucy Couture, Livia C Merrill, Lynae Baskin, Ana E Cahuiche, Ana Petway, Huihui Fan, Elizabeth Reese, Kendra M Anderson, Louise D McCullough, Paul E Schulz, Guadalupe Javier Ortiz

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