Early pregnancy concentrations of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) following frozen embryo transfer: secondary analyses from a randomized controlled trial
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The authors aimed to determine whether maternal concentrations of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) are influenced by the frozen embryo transfer (FET) protocol during early pregnancy. They found that women undergoing programmed cycle (PC) FET had significantly lower levels of both PAPP-A and IGF-1 compared to those in modified natural cycle (mNC) and gonadotrophin-stimulated cycle (gSC) FETs, suggesting that PC-FET may alter early placental function and contribute to increased obstetric risks.
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