Gram-Negative Bacterial Resistance.

This review examines how antimicrobial resistance in gram-negative bacteria spreads and how it works, asking what drives its rapid global growth and how clinicians can manage the resulting infections. The authors describe the main resistance mechanisms (reduced drug entry, efflux, target modification, and enzymatic inactivation, especially β-lactamases) and the key threats: ESBL-producing and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales, difficult-to-treat *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*, and carbapenem-resistant *Acinetobacter baumannii*. They conclude that effective care depends on rapid accurate diagnostics, targeted use of newer β-lactams, source control, and appropriate treatment durations.