May 10, 2026 · American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2026.05.001

How Long Should Women Push? The Effect of Fetal Position, Parity, and Epidural Use on Spontaneous Delivery

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This study aimed to estimate the probability of spontaneous delivery during the pushing phase of labor, considering factors such as fetal position, parity, and epidural use. The findings indicate that the likelihood of spontaneous delivery varies significantly based on these factors, with specific time limits for effective pushing that should be tailored to individual circumstances. The results suggest that pushing beyond certain time thresholds may not yield substantial benefits and could be associated with increased adverse outcomes.

Birgitte Eide, Torbjørn M Eggebø, Ingvild Dalen, Philip Von Brandis, Jørg Kessler, Christian Tappert, Ragnar K Sande

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