Once, twice, three times frozen: viability and post-transfer outcomes of fresh and vitrified-warmed mouse embryos
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The authors aimed to investigate the effects of one, two, or three vitrification-warming cycles on the viability, implantation potential, and post-transfer development of mouse embryos compared to fresh transfers. They found that repeated vitrification-warming cycles significantly impaired embryo cryosurvival, blastocyst quality, and fetal growth, with notable declines after two or more cycles. These results highlight the need for optimizing cryopreservation protocols to enhance embryo viability and outcomes in assisted reproductive technologies.
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