Circulating extracellular vesicles carrying PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4 inform resistance to anti-PD-L1-based therapy in HCC
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The authors aimed to investigate whether profiling immune checkpoints on circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) could serve as non-invasive biomarkers to predict treatment response and survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) undergoing anti-PD-L1 therapy. Their findings indicate that levels of PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 on EVs can effectively differentiate between responders and non-responders, as well as predict progression-free and overall survival, potentially identifying resistance to therapy earlier than traditional imaging methods.
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