Epinephrine-added Irrigation Shortens and Stabilizes Operative Time in Full-endoscopic Lumbar Decompression after Adjusting for the Learning Curve: An Interrupted Time Series Study

The authors aimed to determine whether epinephrine-added irrigation enhances operative efficiency and visualization during full-endoscopic lumbar decompression while accounting for the learning curve. Their study found that using epinephrine significantly reduced mean operative time and improved visibility, with a notable decrease in the need for hemostasis, all without causing significant hemodynamic instability. This suggests that epinephrine-added irrigation is beneficial in this surgical context.