Clinical Criteria for the Definition of Refractory Septic Shock: A Joint Delphi Consensus from the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM)
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The authors aimed to establish a consensus on clinical criteria for defining refractory septic shock to improve diagnosis, management, and research in this severe condition. Through a Delphi process involving critical care experts, they identified 13 key criteria, including markers of organ dysfunction, tissue perfusion indicators, and specific treatment requirements, such as high doses of norepinephrine and the use of critical care ultrasound. This consensus provides a structured framework for recognizing and managing refractory septic shock in clinical practice.
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